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Background:  The recently proposed recircumscription of the genus  Atraphaxis  (incl.  Atraphaxis  section  Ovczinnikovia  O.V. Yurtseva ex. S. Tavakkoli and  Polygonum  sect.  Spinescentia  Boissier (= A.  sect.  Polygonoides  S. Tavakkoli, Kaz. Osaloo & Mozaff.) makes this genus fairly heterogeneous and therefore almost undefinable based on morphology. A critical comprehensive reappraisal of the group is necessary.   Methods:  Using the DNA sequence data (ITS1&2 regions of nrDNA and combined  trn L intron +  trn L–F IGS and rpl32– trn L (UAG)  IGS regions of plastid genome), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analyses (BI) were applied for phylogenetic reconstructions of the tribe Polygoneae with special attention to  Atraphaxis , and related taxa. Maximum parsimony reconstructions of the evolution of perianth morphology and sporoderm ornamentation in the tribe Polygoneae were also performed. Life history, morphology of shoots, leaf blades, ocreas, perianth and achene morphology, ultrasculpture of achene surface, and pollen morphology were compared, and SEM and LM images were provided.   Principal findings:  The genera  Atraphaxis  and  Polygonum  were found to be widely polyphyletic. The rarest and morphologically remarkable endemic of Tian-Shan and Pamir  Atraphaxis ovczinnikovii  ( Atraphaxis  sect.  Ovczinnikovia  O.V. Yurtseva ex. S. Tavakkoli) was confirmed to be a sister of the clade ( Atraphaxis  +  Polygonum  sect.  Spinescentia ) in plastid topology. The genus  Bactria (=Atraphaxis  sect.  Ovczinnikovia ), which circumscribes two species, is newly established as a result of this analyses. Morphological data confirm the originality of the taxon.   Discussion:  We are arguing for a narrow delimitation of  Atraphaxis  with petalloid segments and striato-perforate sporoderm ornamentation as morphological synapomorphies. The recently proposed inclusion of  Polygonum  sect.  Spinescentia  in  Atraphaxis  is fairly questionable from a morphological standpoint. The rank of  Polygonum  sect.  Spinescentia  requires further clarification. The generic composition of the tribe Polygoneae also requires future reappraisals.

peerj

What is<i>Atraphaxis</i>L. (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): cryptic taxa and resolved taxonomic complexity instead of the formal lumping and the lack of morphological synapomorphies

What isAtraphaxisL. (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): cryptic taxa and resolved taxonomic complexity instead of the formal lumping and the lack of morphological synapomorphies