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Pseudoterranovosis is a well-known human disease caused by anisakid larvae belonging to the genus  Pseudoterranova . Human infection occurs after consuming infected fish. Hence the presence of  Pseudoterranova  larvae in the flesh of the fish can cause serious losses and problems for the seafood, fishing and fisheries industries. The accurate identification of  Pseudoterranova  larvae in fish is important, but challenging because the larval stages of a number of different genera, including  Pseudoterranova ,  Terranova  and  Pulchrascaris , look similar and cannot be differentiated from each other using morphological criteria, hence they are all referred to as  Terranova  larval type. Given that  Terranova  larval types in seafood are not necessarily  Pseudoterranova  and may not be dangerous, the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of  Terranova  larval types in Australian marine fish and to determine their specific identity. A total of 137 fish belonging to 45 species were examined.  Terranova  larval types were found in 13 species, some of which were popular edible fish in Australia. The sequences of the first and second internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2 respectively) of the  Terranova  larvae in the present study showed a high degree of similarity suggesting that they all belong to the same species. Due to the lack of a comparable sequence data of a well identified adult in the GenBank database the specific identity of  Terranova  larval type in the present study remains unknown. The sequence of the ITS regions of the  Terranova  larval type in the present study and those of  Pseudoterranova  spp. available in GenBank are significantly different, suggesting that larvae found in the present study do not belong to the genus  Pseudoterranova , which is zoonotic. This study does not rule out the presence of  Pseudoterranova  larvae in Australian fish as  Pseudoterranova decipiens E  has been reported in adult form from seals in Antarctica and it is known that they have seasonal presence in Australian southern coasts. The genetic distinction of  Terranova  larval type in the present study from  Pseudoterranova  spp. along with the presence of more species of elasmobranchs in Australian waters (definitive hosts of  Terranova  spp. and  Pulchrascaris  spp.) than seals (definitive hosts of  Pseudoterranova  spp.) suggest that  Terranova  larval type in the present study belong to either genus  Terranova  or  Pulchrascaris , which are not known to cause disease in humans. The present study provides essential information that could be helpful to identify Australian  Terranova  larval types in future studies. Examination and characterisation of further specimens, especially adults of  Terranova  and  Pulchrascaris , is necessary to fully elucidate the identity of these larvae.

Occurrence ofTerranovalarval types (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in Australian marine fish with comments on their specific identities