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Hybrid zones and the consequences of hybridization have contributed greatly to our understanding of evolutionary processes. Hybrid zones also provide valuable insight into the dynamics of symbiosis since each subspecies or species brings its unique microbial symbionts, including germline bacteria such as  Wolbachia , to the hybrid zone. Here, we investigate a natural hybrid zone of two subspecies of the meadow grasshopper  Chorthippus parallelus  in the Pyrenees Mountains. We set out to test whether co-infections of B and F  Wolbachia  in hybrid grasshoppers enabled horizontal transfer of phage WO, similar to the numerous examples of phage WO transfer between A and B  Wolbachia  co-infections. While we found no evidence for transfer between the divergent co-infections, we discovered horizontal transfer of at least three phage WO haplotypes to the grasshopper genome. Subsequent genome sequencing of uninfected grasshoppers uncovered the first evidence for two discrete  Wolbachia  supergroups (B and F) contributing at least 448 kb and 144 kb of DNA, respectively, into the host nuclear genome. Fluorescent  in situ  hybridization verified the presence of  Wolbachia  DNA in  C. parallelus  chromosomes and revealed that some inserts are subspecies-specific while others are present in both subspecies. We discuss our findings in light of symbiont dynamics in an animal hybrid zone.

Wolbachiaco-infection in a hybrid zone: discovery of horizontal gene transfers from twoWolbachiasupergroups into an animal genome