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Much research on animal feed has focused on finding alternative feed ingredients that can replace conventional ones (e.g., grains and beans) to reduce feed costs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic, as well as nutritional value of spent coffee grounds (SCG) and Japanese mugwort ( Artemisia princeps ) residues (APR) as alternative feed ingredients for ruminants. We also investigated whether pre-fermentation using  Lactobacillus  spp. was a feasible way to increase the feed value of these by-products. Chemical analyses and an  in vitro  study were conducted for SCG, APR, and their pre-fermented forms. All the experimental diets for  in vitro  ruminal fermentation were formulated to contain a similar composition of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients at 1x maintenance feed intake based on the dairy National Research Council (NRC). The control diet was composed of ryegrass, corn, soybean meal, whereas the treatments consisted of SCG, SCG fermented with  Lactobacillus  spp. (FSCG), APR, and its fermented form (FAPR). The treatment diets replaced 100 g/kg dry matter (DM) of the feed ingredients in the control. Costs were lower for the all treatments, except FAPR, than that of the control. After 24-h incubation, the NDF digestibility of the diets containing SCG and its fermented form were significantly lower than those of the other diets ( P  < 0.01); pre-fermentation tended to increase NDF digestibility ( P  = 0.07), especially for APR. Supplementation of SCG significantly decreased total gas production (ml/g DM) after 24-h fermentation in comparison with the control ( P  < 0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the control and the SCG or the APR diets in total gas production, as expressed per Korean Won (KRW). Diets supplemented with SCG or FSCG tended to have a higher total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, expressed as per KRW, compared with the control ( P  = 0.06). Conversely, the fermentation process of SCG and APR significantly decreased total gas production and VFA production as expressed per KRW ( P  < 0.05). Because of their nutrient composition and relatively lower cost, we concluded that SCG and APR could be used as alternative feed sources, replacing conventional feed ingredients. However, pre-fermentation of agricultural by-products, such as SCG and APR, may be inappropriate for improving their nutritive considering the increase in production costs.

peerj

Evaluation of nutritional and economic feed values of spent coffee grounds and<i>Artemisia princeps</i>residues as a ruminant feed using<i>in vitro</i>ruminal fermentation

Evaluation of nutritional and economic feed values of spent coffee grounds andArtemisia princepsresidues as a ruminant feed usingin vitroruminal fermentation