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Background  Snakes exhibit sexual dimorphism in both head size and shape. Such differences are often attributed to different reproductive roles and feeding habits. We aim to investigate how sexual dimorphism is displayed in the highly specialised fish-egg-eating snake,  Aipysurus eydouxii , by analysing two complementary features: body size and skull morphology.    Methods  We used data on body length, weight, and skull shape from 27 measurements of 116 males and females of  A. eydouxii . We investigated both sexual dimorphism and allometric (multivariate and bi-variate) properties of skull growth in the analysed data set.    Results  We found that although there was female-biased sexual size dimorphism in body length, females were not heavier than males, contrary to what is commonly observed pattern among snakes. Moreover, females tend to possess relatively smaller heads than males. However, we only found very subtle differences in skull shape reflected in nasal width, mandibular fossa, quadrate crest and quadrate length.    Discussion  We suggest that the feeding specialisation in  A. eydouxii  does not allow for an increase in body thickness and the size of the head above a certain threshold. Our results may be interpreted as support for prey-size divergence as a factor driving skull dimorphism since such species in which the sexes do not differ in prey size also shows very subtle or no differences in skull morphology.

Sexual dimorphism and skull size and shape in the highly specialized snake species,Aipysurus eydouxii(Elapidae: Hydrophiinae)