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Background  Full-scale biogas production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) was inhibited by low pH and highly volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation. Three strategies were investigated for recovering the anaerobic digestion (AD) imbalance on biogas production, namely the dilution method (tap water vs. biogas effluent), pH adjustment method (NaOH, NaHCO 3 , Ca(OH) 2 , oil palm ash), and bioaugmentation (active methane-producing sludge) method. The highly economical and feasible method was selected and validated in a full-scale application.    Results  The inhibited sludge from a full-scale biogas reactor could be recovered within 30–36 days by employing various strategies. Dilution of the inhibited sludge with biogas effluent at a ratio of 8:2, pH adjustment with 0.14% w/v NaOH, and 8.0% w/v oil palm ash were considered to be more economically feasible than other strategies tested (dilution with tap water, or pH adjustment with 0.50% w/v Ca(OH) 2 , or 1.25% NaHCO 3  and bioaugmentation) with a recovery time of 30–36 days. The recovered biogas reactor exhibited a 35–83% higher methane yield than self-recovery, with a significantly increased hydrolysis constant (k H ) and specific methanogenic activity (SMA). The population of  Clostridium  sp.,  Bacillus  sp., and  Methanosarcina  sp. increased in the recovered sludge. The imbalanced full-scale hybrid cover lagoon reactor was recovered within 15 days by dilution with biogas effluent at a ratio of 8:2 and a better result than the lab-scale test (36 days).    Conclusion  Dilution of the inhibited sludge with biogas effluent could recover the imbalance of the full-scale POME-biogas reactor with economically feasible and high biogas production performance.

Strategies for recovery of imbalanced full-scale biogas reactor feeding with palm oil mill effluent