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Background  Studies with integrative approaches (based on different lines of evidence) are fundamental for understanding the diversity of organisms. Different data sources can improve the understanding of the taxonomy and evolution of snakes. We used this integrative approach to verify the taxonomic status of  Hydrodynastes gigas  (Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854), given its wide distribution throughout South America, including the validity of the recently described  Hydrodynastes melanogigas   Franco, Fernandes & Bentim, 2007 .    Methods  We performed a phylogenetic analysis of Bayesian Inference with mtDNA 16S and Cytb, and nuDNA Cmos and NT3 concatenated (1,902 bp). In addition, we performed traditional morphometric analyses, meristic, hemipenis morphology and coloration pattern of  H .  gigas  and  H .  melanogigas .    Results  According to molecular and morphological characters,  H. gigas  is widely distributed throughout South America. We found no evidence to support that  H. gigas  and  H. melanogigas  species are distinct lineages, therefore,  H. melanogigas  is a junior synonym of  H. gigas . Thus, the melanic pattern of  H. melanogigas  is the result of a polymorphism of  H. gigas . Melanic populations of  H. gigas  can be found in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin.

A morphological and molecular study of Hydrodynastes gigas (Serpentes, Dipsadidae), a widespread species from South America