Scale interactions in transboundary water governance of Indus river

Rivers cross political boundaries where water issues cut across national, subnational, and sector boundaries. We hold that addressing the scaled nature of interactions between stakeholders is a helpful way to account for the complexity of transboundary water governance and the design of governing institutions. We argue that identifying stakeholder interactions at different scales of governance is a key to understand the shifts in the nature and degrees of cooperation and conflict. Using the TWINS framework, this shifting pattern is studied in the part of Indus basin that is within Pakistan. We use historical event data from the Pakistan side of the Indus basin to show the key events of cooperation and conflict at regional, national and sub-national scales. We find varying degrees of cooperation and conflict at different scales. We show that without recognizing scale-based interactions among riparians, the nature and depth of conflict and cooperation among all stakeholders remains obscured in the superficial understanding of cooperation as the official version holds. We argue that a contingent approach to study cooperation and conflict at multiple scales and among multiple stakeholders is needed to assess the true nature and degree of cooperation and the ensuing effectiveness of transboundary governance structures. Keywords: scale, transboundary water governance, cooperation, conflict, TWINS