Perspectives on the systematics and phylogenetics of Guaiacum (Zygophyllaceae): complexities in conservation of endangered hardwoods due to fragmentation, introgression, and intermittent gene flow

e systematics of the economically important, endangered hardwoods in Guaiacum are unclear with regard to taxonomic ranks, and the relationships among taxa. This is partially due to a lack of diagnostic characters and minimal geographic sampling in previous studies. Nevertheless, systematic relationships are important to inform trade regulations and management practices for these species. This is especially true for Mexico, which is both the primary exporter and the center of diversity for Guaiacum. Systematic and biogeographic issues in Guaiacum were investigated by analyses of nuclear and chloroplast DNA markers from specimens sampled throughout the range. Phylogenetic and statistical parsimony analyses showed well-supported divergences within the group, including a deep divergence between G. officinale and other taxa with additional biogeographically correlated subdivisions. There is also an indication that accessions from Chiapas, Mexico are genetically intermediate between G. sanctum and G. coulteri, while minor segregates of Guaiacum (G. palmeri, G. guatemalense) were not well distinguished by either morphological or molecular characters. The genetic structuring among the major groups of Guaiacum shows evidence of isolation induced by fragmentation of the range, with the structure largely maintained with only occasional long distance gene flow between remote populations