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E very child with deafness experiences varying degrees of delay in cognitive development. The differences in hearing loss levels, the onset of hearing loss, the environment, and the communication method also vary from one child to another. These differences may also result in a unique variety of cognitive developments among children with deafness. A developing research area in the distinctive aspect of cognitive functioning in children with deafness is visual-spatial working memory. Visual-spatial working memory is a temporary storage system used to retain visual and spatial information in short periods (Logie, 1995; MacAfoose & Baune, 2009). Visual-spatial working memory is a part of the brain’s working memory system that stores short-term stimuli and functions by manipulating complex cognitive tasks, such as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning (Baddeley, 2010; Baddeley, 1992). In daily life, visual-spatial working memory is related to abstract thought processes and is used when working on mathematical questions (Allen, Higgins, & Adams, 2019; Fanari, Meloni, & Massidda, 2019; Ashkenazi, Rosenberg, Metcalfe, Swigart, & Menon, 2013; H o l m e s , A d a m s , & H a m i l t o n , 2 0 0 8 ) . There are two functional components in visCorresponding Author: Frieda Maryam Mangunsong Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia Kampus Baru UI, Depok, Jawa Barat—16424 Email: friemang@ui.ac.id Abstract Children with hearing impairment or deafness experience cognitive function delays but not limited visual-spatial working memory, which is commonly used to solve mathematical problems. Previous studies have discovered that visual or spatial working memory in such children is different because of the communication methods that rely on vision. This study explores the visual-spatial working memory in children with deafness by measuring the memory of 70 elementary school children with deafness and identifying their communication methods through questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed by the children’s parents. The visual-spatial working memory measurement utilized the Lion Game through Zoom meetings. Consequently, it was found that there was no significant difference in visual-spatial working memory capacity in children with hearing impairment using oral, total communication, and sign language. It can be argued that in children with deafness, their visual-spatial working memory span with oral, total, and sign language communication methods have still not reached the maximum point. The use of hearing aids, popular among such children also did not significantly enhance visual-spatial working memory capacity. This research recommends parents be more attentive not only toward the communication methods of children with deafness but also to their cognitive function development.

Visual-spatial Working Memory Span of Indonesian Children with Deafness in Oral, Total, and Sign Language Communication Methods