Alternative strategies to avoid middle-income trap: reform in turkey's higher education

Middle-income trap is a status of stagnation in economic growth when countries reach middle-income levels in the simplest terms. The country has to enter into a process of fundamental restructuring in its economy in order to reach high-income from the middle-income levels. This restructuring process should be technology and innovation centered. On this regard, it is important to note that it would be the privilege of only a handful of countries which can afford to invest large enough research and development funds and facilities in the world