Genotype by environment interactions for grain yield in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The combined ANOVA analysis for grain yield of ten wheat genotypes at 12 environments showed that bread wheat grain yield was significantly affected by environment, which explained 75.01% of the total treatment (genotype + environment + genotype by environment interactions) variation, whereas the G and GEI were significant and accounted for 9.48 and 15.5%, respectively. The additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis indicated that three principal component analysis (PCA) were significant (P < 0.01). PCA 1, 2 and 3 accounted for 65.49, 17.10 and 10.11% of the genotype + environment (GE) interaction, respectively. Graphical display of genotype by environment interaction (GGE-biplot) based on genotype-focused scaling was depicted in order to detect the locations of genotypes, whereas the wheat genotypes were divided into four groups based on their scores of PCA 1 and 2: Three stable and high yielding genotypes (G2, 10 and 6), two unstable high yielding genotypes (G4 and 1), three stable low yielding genotypes (G5, 7 and 8) and two low yielding unstable genotypes (G9 and 3). The correlation coefficients among the twelve test environments and the vector view of the GGE-biplot provided a succinct summary of the interrelationship between the environments whereby only 38 of the 67 correlation coefficients were significant. All environments were positively correlated except the environment E5 which was negatively correlated with E9, 12 and 10. The G10 (Giza 168) is adaptable for a wide range of environment conditions.