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We analyzed the phylogeny, amino acid variations, positive selection, and glycosylation patterns of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of A/H3N2 in Hong Kong from 1997 to 2006. The results suggest that continuity and latency of influenza viruses might be the reasons why different influenza viruses co-circulate within the same season. Many amino acid mutations were retained for two or more successive years. The preferred antigenic sites of mutation are sites A and B in HAs, and site B in NAs. An influenza pandemic may be caused by higher-than-threshold level of amino acid variations of the virus.   Key words: Influenza virus, A/H3N2, phylogenetic analysis, selection pressure, N-glycosylation.

Genetic variation analysis of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of human influenza A/H3N2 virus in Hong Kong (1997-2006)