Recent advances towards understanding and managing Kenyan acid soils for improved crop production

This review focused on the efforts made to understand and manage Kenyan acid soils by use of inorganic, organic materials (OMs) and crop germplasms tolerant to soil aluminium (Al) toxicity and/or low soil available phosphorus (P). Kenyan acid soils which occupy 13% of the total land area were developed through parent materials of acid origin, leaching of base cations and use of acid forming fertilizers. They are high in Al (>2 cmol Al/kg and > 20% Al saturation) and low in soil available P (< 5 mg P/kg soil) due to moderate-high (107-402 mg P/kg) P sorption, hence crops recover only 9.6 to 13.5% of the P fertilizer. Application of lime, P fertilizer and OMs increases soil pH, available P and reduces Al toxicity on Kenyan acid soils. Lime, P fertilizers and OMs have increased maize grain yield by 5-75, 1893 and 70-100%, respectively on Kenyan acid soils. Similarly, deployment of crop cultivars tolerant to Al toxicity and/or low soil available P increases crop yields. However, lack of knowledge on the importance of lime, credit to purchase farm inputs, crop varieties tolerant to soil acidity constraints and inadequate amounts of OMs limits crop yield on Kenyan acid soils.