Bronchial Artery Embolization in Life-Threatening Massive Hemoptysis

Background Massive hemoptysis is a potentially life threatening respiratory emergency and mandates immediate investigation and intervention. There is no universal consensus regarding the optimal management of these patients, and there are no large series of patients studied. Objectives Here we reported thirty Iranian patients who were managed with bronchial artery embolization. Patients and Methods All the patients had already been assessed by computerized tomography (CT) to localize and delineate the underlying etiology except 2 patients who had not undergone CT scan. Results Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, and lung cancer/metastasis were the most common causes, detected in 14(47%), 5(17%) and 4(13%) patients respectively. Other causes of hemoptysis including chronic bronchitis, interlobar artery aneurysm, hydatid cyst, arteriovenous fistula, pulmonary embolism, and exposure to chemical weapons each detected in one patient separately. All of them had abnormal chest CT scans, except for 2 patients who had not undergone CT scan (one with hydatid cyst and another with bronchial tumor diagnosed with bronchoscopy). Bleeding location which has been confirmed with angiography could be predicted with CT scan among 7 of 14 patients with TB, (sensitivity=50%). While this rate was 100% among all other patients with other diagnosis who had undergone CT scan. Conclusions In conclusion complementary to the previous studies our results have demonstrated that bronchial artery embolization remains as one of the most efficient procedures in managing massive hemoptysis, with minimal rate of complications.