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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been a puzzle and a challenge to scientists for at least half a century, despite considerable scientific efforts. The aim of the present review is to demonstrate significant connections that exist between two parallel, but hitherto unconnected, spheres of research: phenotypic/genotypic studies in autistic individuals and deleterious effects on the brain caused by essential lipid deficiencies. Re-interpretation of the existing data suggests that autism may be a consequence of pre– and postnatal deficiency of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a major component of the brain, a lipid essential for its structure and function. This review connects the ASD and DHA databases in a specific pairing of the proximate factors (data from studies in individuals with autism) with DHA deficiency as the ultimate factor. This specific pairing suggests a coherent mechanistic model of the origin of autism and calls for a new, interdisciplinary approach that would connect the two databases in the design of future studies on ASD. The proposed genetic and maternal effects are testable according to the outlined methodology.

The role of brain lipids in the causal model of autism. Re-interpretation of the existing data.