Chord Context Algorithm for Shape Feature Extraction

The emergence of new technologies makes it easy to generate information in visual forms, leading everyday to an increasing number of generated digital images. At the same time, the rapid advances in imaging technologies and the widespread availability of Internet access motivate data browsing into these data bases. For image description and retrieval, manual annotation of these images becomes impractical and inefficient. Image retrieval is based on observation of an ordering of match scores obtained by searching through a database. The key challenges in building a retrieval system are the choice of attributes, their representations, query specification methods, match metrics and indexing strategies. A large number of retrieval methods using shape descriptors has been described in literature. Compared to other features, for example, color or texture, object shape is unique. It enables us to recognize an object without further information. However, since shapes are 2D images that are projections of 3D objects, the silhouettes may change from one viewpoint to another with respect to objects and non-rigid object motion (e.g., walking people or flying bird) and segmentation errors caused by lighting variations, partial occultation, scaling, boundary distortion and corruption by noise are unavoidable. As we know, while computers can easily distinguish slight differences between similar objects, it is very difficult to estimate the similarity between two objects as perceived by human beings, even when considering very simple objects. This is because human perception is not a mere interpretation of a retinal patch, but an active interaction between the retinal patch and a representation of our knowledge about objects. Thus the problem is complicated by the fact that a shape does not have a mathematical definition that exactly matches what the user feels as a shape. Solutions proposed in the literature use various approaches and emphasize different aspects of the problem. The choice of a particular representation scheme is usually driven by the need to cope with requirements such as robustness against noise, stability with respect to minor distortions, and invariance to common geometrical transforms or tolerance to occultation, etc. For general shape representation, a recent review is given in [1] [2]. In this chapter, a shape descriptor based on chord context is proposed. The basic idea of chord context is to observe the lengths of all parallel and equidistant chords in a shape, and