Effects of B-Site Donor and Acceptor Doping in Pb-Free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 Ceramics

(PZT)-based ceramics have been used extensively in various dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric applications because of their superior properties and versatility (Jaffe et al., 1971). The lead (Pb) content of PZT materials, however, poses serious problems for human health and the environment that can no longer be overlooked. It is inevitable that PZT will be replaced with Pb-free materials. PZT-based ceramics are still in use only because there are no materials that exhibit properties comparable to those of PZT. The scientific community has intensively searched for and studied Pb-free piezoelectric materials. Among the few Pb-free materials available, solid solutions based on (Bi