Long-term effects of combined percutaneous atrial septal defect occlusion and pulmonary valvuloplasty in children < 2.5 years old

The combination of atrial septal defect (ASD) type II and pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) is a relatively uncommon congenital heart disease. When this condition is present, significant left-to-right shunt is usually prevented by right outflow obstruction, but right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy progresses. Transcatheter pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) and closure of the ASD are the treatment of choice [1, 2]. Combined percutaneous ASD closure and PBV is an infrequent but feasible method of treatment, mostly described in adults [3, 4] but also in children [5, 6]. We present a unique group of young children, in whom the main indication for a percutaneous intervention was significant PS coexisting with important clinical ASD. The long-term outcomes of the procedure are also presented.