Nectar secretion and pollen production in Hyacinthus orientalis ‘Sky Jacket’ (Asparagaceae)

Flowering, nectar secretion, and pollen production in Hyacinthus orientalis 'Sky Jacket' (Asparagaceae) were studied between 2013 and 2015 in Lublin, SE Poland (51 degrees 16'N, 22 degrees 30'E). The flowering was weather-dependent. It started at the beginning of April or at the end of the month and lasted 14-24 days. The mass of nectar, sugar concentration in the nectar, nectar sugar mass, anther size, and pollen mass in flowers all depended on the flower position in the inflorescence and differed significantly between the years of study. The greatest mass of sugars and pollen was recorded in low-positioned flowers. On average, H. orientalis 'Sky Jacket' produced 1.63 mg of sugars and 3.51 mg of pollen per flower. The floral reward was attractive for Apis mellifera and Bombus spp., which indicate that the species should be propagated not only for its decorative value but also for supporting pollinators in early spring.