Status of research on the development of management tactics and strategies for the spruce bud moth in white spruce plantations

The spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis, represents an economic threat to white spruce, Picea glauca, managed for lumber production in eastern Canada. Larvae feed on developing shoots. Larval feeding on the leader adversely affects tree form and reduces vertical growth. Although the economic impact of this insect has not been critically established, it is feared that this damage could decrease the quality and value of the lumber produced and could delay harvest by several years. This paper reviews the information on the spruce bud moth life cycle, behaviour, impact, sampling and monitoring, and the possible management tactics investigated to date.