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Docetaxel is the first-line cytotoxic treatment of choice for advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) resulting in improved palliation and a modest survival benefit compared to the former standard of care mitoxantrone, as demonstrated by two large randomized trials.1,2 The clinical development of superior treatment options and/or second-line therapies has been partly hampered by the lack of validated surrogate markers of treatment benefit.3 Treatment response assessment is particularly challenging given that bone is the dominant site of metastasis in CRPC.  Several prostate-specific antigen- (PSA) based response criteria have been studied as potential surrogate markers for survival in CRPC patients treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. For instance, a ≥30% PSA decline within 3 months emerged as the optimal surrogate for overall survival in both phase III trials that established docetaxel as the current standard of care.4,5 However, the degree of surrogacy of this endpoint varied between these 2 studies and it is not considered as an endpoint for approval of cytotoxic agents by the regulatory agencies.6  In this issue of CUAJ, Hanninen and colleagues7 present data on another PSA-based endpoint, i.e., PSA half-life (PSAHL), obtained retrospectively from a chart review of 154 patients with metastatic CRPC treated with docetaxel in Alberta between 2000 and 2006. Using the PSAHL determined 84 days following initiation of docetaxel and a cutoff of 70 days, a strong association with survival is demonstrated: the median survival of patients with a PSAHL <70 days is 25 months compared to 15 months in patients with a slower rate of PSA decline (PSAHL ≥70 days). Interestingly, the use of PSAHL yielded similar results compared to a ≥30% PSA decline. Both endpoints were more closely correlated with survival when obtained at 3 months and 84 days, respectively, than during earlier time points. Furthermore, the application of these criteria allows the stratifying of CRPC patients with similar survival.  Although the prospective study of ≥30% PSA decline and PSAHL might be considered a reasonable next step, one can question whether this alone will provide the treating physician with a tool to predict who will not benefit from docetaxel chemotherapy, and hence could be spared the docetaxel-related side effects and be potentially recruited for clinical trials exploring alternative therapies. In fact, the use of PSA as a marker of response in docetaxel-treated CRPC has several limitations. First, in vitro, docetaxel has been shown to down-regulate androgen receptor expression and PSA expression/secretion,8 which could explain the discrepancy commonly seen in clinical trials between the rate of PSA and measurable disease responses.1,2 Second, CRPC is a heterogeneous disease (intra- and inter-individually) with respect to PSA expression and to chemosensitivity.9 Thus, the differential treatment impact on CRPC cells with distinct levels of PSA expression may complicate the interpretation of PSA data. Third, up to 20% of patients can experience PSA flares in the first weeks of docetaxel therapy despite subsequent response, which challenges the use of PSA-based criteria as an early marker of treatment benefit.6 Finally, the interpretation of PSA data will be even more obscured with the increasing use of molecularly targeted agents, some of which result in dissociated anti-tumour/PSA effects, as is the case for sorafenib.10  The authors acknowledge that the retrospective nature of the study is a major limitation. Although the investigators have defined the inclusion criteria of the cohort, other important data, such as dose and schedule of chemotherapy, were not detailed. The study would have been strengthened if the authors were able to similarly analyze the PSA data from the two large randomized phase III docetaxel studies, or if they were able to validate their findings in a separate cohort of patients.  Despite these limitations, PSA-based criteria will undoubtedly continue to have an important role in treatment assessment of men with CRPC in the foreseeable future, possibly as part of combinatorial endpoints that might also involve palliative criteria, novel biological surrogate markers and functional imaging.6

PSA-based treatment response criteria in castration-resistant prostate cancer: promises and limitations