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Objective . The aim of this study was to investigate how serum retinol and carotenoids (  β  -carotene,   β  -cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene) are associated with biomarkers of insulin resistance.  Research Methods and Procedures . The BioCycle Study (2005–2007) is a prospective cohort of 259 healthy premenopausal women. Fasting serum samples were collected at up to sixteen clinic visits, from which retinol, carotenoids, insulin, glucose, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Linear mixed models were used to determine associations adjusting for age, race, body mass index (BMI), education, smoking, physical activity, triglycerides, and energy intake.  Results . Retinol was positively associated with HOMA-IR ( β  = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.32)) units per ug/mL increase in retinol; the relationship was driven by insulin ( β  = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.31)). Retinol was inversely associated with SHBG ( β  = −0.22 (95% CI: −0.28, −0.16)). Although no significant associations were found between serum carotenoids and HOMA-IR,   β  -carotene was positively associated with SHBG and   β  -cryptoxanthin inversely with fasting plasma glucose.  Conclusion . Results indicate a possible role for serum retinol in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. However, they do not support a strong association between individual or total serum carotenoids and insulin resistance.

Serum Retinol and Carotenoids in Association with Biomarkers of Insulin Resistance among Premenopausal Women