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Background . Infection with and persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) are the strongest risk factors for cervical cancer. In addition, other genital microorganisms may also be involved in the progression of HPV-associated lesions.  Objetive . To evaluate the association of the vaginal microbiota ( Candida  spp.,  Trichomonas vaginalis , and bacterial vaginosis) with HR-HPV infection in Spanish female sex workers (FSWs).  Methods . This cross-sectional study involved 208 (FSWs; age, 18–49 years) who visited a sexually transmitted infection (STI) information and prevention center (SERGAS) between January 2010 and December 2011. Face-to-face interviews were carried out. Cervical and vaginal samples were examined for human papillomavirus (HPV),  Trichomonas vaginalis ,  Candida  spp., and microorganisms related to bacterial vaginosis (BV).  Results . HR-HPV was found to be significantly associated with BV in FSWs with positive results for HPV16-related types (31, 33, 35, and 52).  T. vaginalis  was isolated in FSWs with the following HR-HPVs: 18, 45, 66, and 68.  Candida  spp. were isolated only in FSWs with HPV 18-positive infection.  Conclusion . We demonstrate a significant prevalence of HR-HPVs in FSWs with disturbances in the vaginal microbiota.

Evaluation of Association between Vaginal Infections and High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types in Female Sex Workers in Spain