Melatonin and Major Neurocognitive Disorders: Beyond the Management of Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Dysfunction

Major neurocognitive disorders (dementias) are characterised by impairments in memory, cognition, and several aspects of behaviour. Sleep disorders arising from circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle dysfunctions are among the most-troubling challenges encountered in individuals with dementia; and for which administration of melatonergic agents is an important management option. However, in addition to this, melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists appear unique in their potential for modulating symptoms known to be associated with major neurocognitive disorders, or altering the course of the underlying pathology. Hence, they are being continuously investigated for their ability to prevent or reverse cognitive decline, as well as for their antioxidant/neuroprotective properties. In this review, we examine the roles of melatonin and melatonergic agents in the management of major neurocognitive disorders, by looking beyond their classic roles in the management of dementiarelated sleep disorders, to other potential roles in the overall management of symptoms and improvement of the quality of life of individuals with dementia.