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Utilizing floodwaters for recharging depleted aquifers and sustaining irrigation: lessons from multi-scale assessments in the Ganges River Basin, India
Author(s) -
Paul Pavelic,
A. K. Sikka,
Mohammad Faiz Alam,
B. R. Sharma,
Lal Muthuwatta,
Nishadi Eriyagama,
Karen G. Villholth,
Sarah Shalsi,
Virendra Kumar Mishra,
Sanjeev Jha,
Chhedi Lal Verma,
Neeraj Sharma,
V. R. Reddy,
Sanjit Kumar Rout,
Laxmi Kant,
M. Govindan,
Prasun Gangopadhyay,
K. Brindha,
Pennan Chinnasamy,
Vladimir Smakhtin
Publication year - 2021
Publication title -
cgspace a repository of agricultural research outputs (consultative group for international agricultural research)
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Reports
DOI - 10.5337/2021.200
Subject(s) - aquifer , structural basin , hydrology (agriculture) , environmental science , water resource management , irrigation , scale (ratio) , drainage basin , geology , groundwater , geography , geomorphology , cartography , geotechnical engineering , ecology , biology
English Pragmatic, cost-effective, socially inclusive and scalable solutions that reduce risks from recurrent cycles of floods and droughts would greatly benefit emerging economies. One promising approach known as Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) involves recharging depleted aquifers with seasonal high flows to provide additional groundwater for irrigated agriculture during dry periods, while also mitigating floods. It has been identified that there is potential for implementing the UTFI approach across large parts of South Asia. The first pilot-scale implementation of UTFI was carried out in a rural community of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in India, and performance of the approach was assessed over three years from a technical, environmental, socioeconomic and institutional perspective. The results are promising and show that UTFI has the potential to enhance groundwater storage and control flooding, if replicated across larger scales. The challenges and opportunities for more wide-scale implementation of UTFI are identified and discussed in this report. In areas with high potential for implementation, policy makers should consider UTFI as an option when making decisions associated with relevant water-related development challenges. French Des solutions pragmatiques, rentables, socialement inclusives et évolutives, qui réduisent les risques liés aux cycles récurrents d’inondations et de sécheresses, profiteraient grandement aux économies émergentes. Une approche prometteuse, connue sous le nom de transfert souterrain des crues pour l’irrigation (Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation UTFI), consiste à recharger les aquifères épuisés avec des débits saisonniers élevés afin de fournir des eaux souterraines supplémentaires pour l’agriculture irriguée pendant les périodes de sécheresse, tout en atténuant les inondations. Il a été identifié qu’il existe un potentiel pour la mise en œuvre de l’approche UTFI dans de grandes parties de l’Asie du Sud. La première mise en œuvre à l’échelle pilote de l’UTFI a été réalisée dans une communauté rurale de la plaine indo-gangétique en Inde, et les performances de l’approche ont été évaluées sur trois ans d’un point de vue technique, environnemental, socio-économique et institutionnel. Les résultats sont prometteurs et montrent que l’UTFI a le potentiel d’améliorer le stockage des eaux souterraines et de contrôler les inondations, si elle est reproduite à plus grande échelle. Les défis et les opportunités d’une mise en œuvre à plus grande échelle de l’UTFI sont identifiés et discutés dans ce rapport. Dans les zones à fort potentiel de mise en œuvre, les décideurs politiques doivent considérer l’UTFI comme une option lorsqu’ils prennent des décisions liées aux défis de développement liés à l’eau. Spanish Las economías emergentes se beneficiarían enormemente de soluciones para reducir los riesgos asociados a los ciclos recurrentes de inundaciones y sequías, que sean pragmáticas, rentables, socialmente inclusivas y escalables. Un enfoque prometedor, conocido como Desviación subterránea de las inundaciones para el riego (Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation UTFI), consiste en recargar los acuíferos agotados con flujos estacionales de agua y disponer así de aguas subterráneas adicionales para la agricultura de regadío durante los períodos de sequía, al tiempo que se mitigan las inundaciones. Se ha determinado que existe la posibilidad de aplicar el enfoque de UTFI en diferentes partes del Asia meridional. La primera aplicación a escala experimental de la FFU se llevó a cabo en una comunidad rural de la llanura indogangética de la India, y los resultados del enfoque se evaluaron a lo largo de tres años desde una perspectiva técnica, ambiental, socioeconómica e institucional. Los resultados son prometedores y muestran que la UTFI tiene el potencial de mejorar el almacenamiento de las aguas subterráneas y controlar las inundaciones, si se reproduce a mayor escala. En el presente informe se identifican y examinan los retos y oportunidades para una aplicación a mayor escala de la UTFI. En las zonas con un alto potencial de aplicación, los encargados de formular políticas deberían considerar la UTFI como una opción al adoptar decisiones relacionadas con los problemas de desarrollo pertinentes relacionados con el agua. Utilizing Floodwaters for Recharging Depleted Aquifers and Sustaining Irrigation Lessons from Multi-scale Assessments in the Ganges River Basin, India 2 GRIPP CASE PROFILE SERIES 04 Hindi व्यावहारिक, लागत प्रभावी, सामाजिक रूप से समावेशी और स्केलेबल समाधान जो बाढ़ और सूखे के आवर्तक चक्र से जोखिम को कम करते हैं, उभरती अर्थव्यवस्थाओं को बहुत लाभान्वित करेंगे। एक आशाजनक उपागम जिसे सिंचाई के लिए बाढ़ का भूमिगत स्थानान्तरण(यु टी ऍफ़ आई/UTFI) के नाम से जाना जाता है में घट चुके जलभरों को मौसमी उच्च प्रवाह से शुष्क अवधि के दौरान सिंचाई से की जाने वाली कृषि के लिए अतिरिक्त भूजल प्रदान करना है और इससे बाढ़ को भी कम किया जा सकता है। यह पता चला है कि दक्षिण एशिया के बड़े हिस्सों में यु टी ऍफ़ आई/UTFI उपागम को लागू करने की क्षमता है।यु टी ऍफ़ आई/UTFI का पहला पायलट-स्तर पर कार्यान्वयन भारत में इंडो-गंगेटिक प्लेन के एक ग्रामीण समुदाय में किया गया था, और उपागम के प्रदर्शन के तकनीकी, पर्यावरणीय, सामाजिक आर्थिक और संस्थागत परिप्रेक्ष्य का तीन वर्षों तक मूल्यांकन किया गया था। परिणाम आशाजनक हैं और बताते हैं कि यदि बड़े पैमाने पर इसे दोहराया जाता है, तो यु टी ऍफ़ आई/UTFI भूजल भंडारण को बढ़ाने और बाढ़ को नियंत्रित करने की क्षमता रखता है। इस रिपोर्ट में यु टी ऍफ़ आई/UTFI के अधिक व्यापक पैमाने पर कार्यान्वयन के लिए चुनौतियों और अवसरों की पहचान और चर्चा की गई है। कार्यान्वयन के लिए उच्च क्षमता वाले क्षेत्रों में, नीति निर्माताओं को प्रासंगिक जल-संबंधित विकास चुनौतियों से संबंधित निर्णय लेते समय यु टी ऍफ़ आई/UTFI पर एक विकल्प के रूप में विचार करना चाहिए। 1. Background and objectives Extreme weather events disproportionately affect large populations in the world’s emerging economies (Islam and Winkel 2017). Such regions may be characterized by recurrent cycles of intense rainfall that cause distressing floods and periods of low rainfall that cause seasonal droughts. India is a clear case in point where problems associated with water management are a major national concern (Kumar 2018). The average annual economic impact of monsoonal floods in the country over recent decades is estimated to be more than USD 1 billion with 22 million people affected every year (World Bank 2010). The corresponding figures for drought are estimated at USD 62 million with 25 million people affected (World Bank 2010). India’s irrigation sector has also become overwhelmingly dependent on groundwater, with 64% of the 62 million hectares of cropland irrigated with groundwater, as compared to a global average of 38% (Siebert et al. 2010). The importance of groundwater in supporting food production and the livelihoods of millions of smallholders is being undermined by major social and environmental problems due to increasing overexploitation of the resource, which affects around 31% of the country’s administrative units (CGWB 2017). There is a clear need for pragmatic, cost-effective, socially inclusive and scalable solutions to lower the risks from recurrent (and worsening) cycles of floods and droughts (IPCC 2012). This report presents a synthesis of the experience gained from initiating and testing the Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI) approach (as introduced below) in the IndoGangetic Plain in India. A multi-scale and interdisciplinary approach is applied that includes regional suitability mapping, site selection, pilot testing, and initial scaling of the approach. In doing so, the study highlights the challenges, gaps and ways forward to help facilitate large-scale uptake of the UTFI approach in India and in appropriate settings elsewhere. 2. Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): An overview Widespread problems of spatiotemporal hydrologic imbalance associated with a surplus or shortage of water are the rationale for a novel water management approach referred to as Underground Transfer of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI)1 (Alam and Pavelic 2020; Gangopadhyay et al. 2018; Pavelic et al. 2015). UTFI involves the targeted capture and recharge of seasonal high flows into depleted aquifers, thus augmenting groundwater storage locally to offset subsequent dry season water scarcity, as well as mitigating local and downstream flooding (Figure 1). Recharge infrastructure is established close to or within the floodplain or upstream of high flood-risk zones, ideally where groundwater storage 1 Until recently, UTFI was referred to as Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation (e.g., Pavelic et al. 2015). Utilizing Floodwaters for Recharging Depleted Aquifers and Sustaining Irrigation Lessons from Multi-scale Assessments in the Ganges River Basin, India 3 GRIPP CASE PROFILE SERIES 04 is depleted or adequate storage capacity is naturally present. The stored recharge water may be recovered to provide supplies for domestic use, livestock watering or irrigation, with a proportion potentially left in situ to enhance ecosystem services such as dry season baseflows to sustain surface water bodies (Chinnasamy et al. 2018). Figure 1. Schematic representation of a groundwater-dependent, flood-prone landscape with and without UTFI. The figure illustrates that strategic capture and storage of seasonal surface runoff underground can offset downstream flooding while boosting groundwater reserves and enabling enhanced agricultural production. Source: Alam and Pavelic 2020. Utilizing Floodwaters for Recharging Depleted Aquifers and Sustaining Irrigation Lessons from Multi-scale Assessments in the Ganges River Basin, India 4 GRIPP CASE PROFILE SERIES 04 UTFI presents a dedicated way of applying managed aquifer recharge (MAR)2 in areas prone to regular and periodic flooding, and where there is extensive groundwater drawdown due to intensive use. UTFI is potentially better suited to address

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