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Recent coding-based image classification systems generally adopt a key step of spatial pooling operation, which characterizes the statistics of patch-level local feature codes over the regions of interest (ROI), to form the image-level representation for classification. In this paper, we present a hierarchical ROI dictionary for spatial pooling, to beyond the widely used spatial pyramid in image classification literature. By utilizing the compositionality among ROIs, it captures rich spatial statistics via an efficient pooling algorithm in deep hierarchy. On this basis, we further employ partial least squares analysis to learn a more compact and discriminative image representation. The experimental results demonstrate superiority of the proposed hierarchical pooling method relative to spatial pyramid, on three benchmark datasets for image classification.

Image Classification by Hierarchical Spatial Pooling with Partial Least Squares Analysis