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<table style="height: 668px;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="664" align="left"><tbody><tr><td height="668" align="left" valign="top"><p>Heavy metals and other   toxic elements in the environment, mainly located in soil and groundwater,   have a significant effect on plant and its productivity that has a huge   attention in recent years. Accumulation of heavy metals in soil cause   toxicity to plants, and contaminate the food chain. The   industrial areas, as well as developing countries have been contaminated with   high concentration of heavy metals. Main sources of contamination are mining   and other industrial processes, as well as military and or lanfills, sludge   dumps or waste disposal sites. The heavy metals are very dangerous to   environment and pose serious danger to public health by entering throught the   food chain or into drinking water. Phytoextraction is one way how to remove   the contaminants from soil by plants. Phytoextraction of heavy metals is a   technology that has been studied for several years. It is more ecological and   cheaper way how to clean our environment.Several plant species are known becauce   they hyperaccumulate a high contents of metals from the soil. The accumulators   are mainly herbaceous species, crops and nowadays angiosperm trees with a   high growth such as poplars or willows. We have focused on the   determination of some morphological (lenght and weight of roots and biomass)   and physiological (contents of dry mass and number of lief stomata)   characteristics and the determination of the bioaccumulation factor and the   translocation factor of cadmium by spring barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em> L.). Imprints of leaves were   evaluated using an optical microscope Axiostar Plus, Carl Zeiss, lens CP   Achromat 40x/0.65, eyepiece PI 10x / 18, Canon Utilities Software Zoom   Browser EX 4.6 and hardware Acer Travel Mate 4600, Canon Power Shot A95. The density of stomata was   evaluated on an area of 1 mm<sup>2</sup>. Samples of   the dried plants (leaves and roots) were mineralized by acid digestion using   microwave digestion device MARS X - press 5. The end of determination to   obtain the cadmium content was performed by atomic absorption spectrometer   Varian 240 Z with GTA120 graphite furnace. The effect   of contamination by cadmium to germination, length of leaves and number of   stomata on abaxial side of leaf was confirmed. The contaminated soil by   cadmium does not pose a risk of heavy metal entry into the feed and food   chain by spring barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare </em>L.).</p></td></tr></tbody></table> <!--[endif] --

Bioaccumulation of cadmium by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and its effect on selected physiological and morphological parameters