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enforcement, I am amazed at the narrow-sighted approach given to disaster planning by our federal, state, and municipal governments in light of the lessons learned at the Federal Building in Oklahoma City and the World Trade Center in Manhattan. In an effort to profess preparedness and ease public concern, officials have put these plans together with the best of intentions. Still, these plans lack the details necessary to ensure successful outcomes when put into action. All disaster planning must begin on the local level and then extend outward to include federal support because all disasters are, in fact, local occurrences. In any type of disaster, the first 15 to 30 minutes are critical in determining the public safety response. During this period, available manpower is limited to on-duty personnel; therefore, each responder needs to thoroughly understand their role if the incident is to be kept from spiraling out of control. Moreover, each responder must be trained so that their response is second nature. Wellintentioned actions by mistrained or untrained personnel can turn the disaster into a career-ending event for those responsible for the actions of all the players. Local governments need to focus on the most likely scenario of disaster that could occur in their community and then establish a plan of action around that type of incident. Take, for example, a community located on a major highway used each day by thousands of vehicles, including tanker tractor-trailers hauling potentially deadly chemicals. If released into the open atmosphere, these chemicals become lethal clouds. To complicate matters, nearby are a middle school, a high school, and a nursing home/elderly housing facility. On a weekday when school is in session, the three facilities have a combined population of 5,000 persons. In this scenario, local government officials would first need to inventory which services they can realistically provide in the first 15 to 30 minutes versus what tasks must be performed during the entire incident period. The first major hurdle (except in major cities) will be garnering sufficient manpower to control the incident so that it does not begin to mushroom out of control. Contain and control are the first priorities that local government needs to address. Local planning needs to include roles for all municipal employees, not just public safety personnel. In a disaster, all available manpower is needed. Government employees from all service areas should be assigned tasks based on their skills and abilities. In emergencies, public safety dispatchers need to be free to deal with such situations. Why not assign clerical personnel from the municipal government to answer nonemergency telephone calls or to deliver communications equipment and supplies between the storage facility and the Incident Command Center. At the time a disaster occurs, every municipal employee on duty should have a clearly defined role and responsibility. Mutual aid from neighboring communities,

Do we truly plan for disasters . . . or is our plan the disaster?