The history of ergot of rye (Claviceps purpurea) II: 1900–1940

Ergot, in 1900, was a 'chemical mess'. Henry Wellcome, the pharmaceutical manufacturer, invited Henry Hallett Dale, a physiologist, to join his research department and solve this problem. Dale, in turn, recruited an outstanding group of scientists, including George Barger, Arthur Ewins and Harold Dudley, who would make distinguished contributions not only to the chemistry of ergot but also to the identification of acetylcholine, histamine and tyramine and to studies on their physiological effects. Initially Barger and Dale isolated the compound ergotoxine, but this proved to be a false lead; it was later shown to be a mixture of three different ergot alkaloids. The major success of the Wellcome group was the discovery and isolation of ergometrine, which would prove to be life-saving in postpartum haemorrhage. In 1917 Arthur Stoll and his colleagues started work on ergot at Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basel. A series of important results emerged over the next 30 years, including the isolation of ergotamine in 1918, an effective treatment for migraine with aura.