Open AccessThe Relationship of Pulse Pressure and Bone Mineral Density in Adult USA Population: Analysis of the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey
Author(s) -
Isabel M. McFarlane,
Tai Ho Shin,
Manjeet Bhamra,
Milena Rodríguez Álvarez,
Su Zhaz Leon,
David Ozeri,
Carla Saladini,
Yair Saperstein,
Latoya Freeman,
Muhammad Attique Khan,
Perry Wengrofsky,
Nwakile Ojike,
Moro O. Salifu
Publication year - 2018
Publication title -
rheumatology
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2161-1149
DOI - 10.4172/2161-1149.1000240
Subject(s) - medicine , national health and nutrition examination survey , femoral neck , bone mineral , osteoporosis , body mass index , cohort , quartile , population , risk factor , menopause , pulse pressure , demography , blood pressure , environmental health , confidence interval , sociology
Background/Purpose: Accumulating evidence indicates a relationship between Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) and osteoporosis. Hypertension, a known risk factor for CVD is also associated with low Bone Mineral Density (BMD). We hypothesize that Pulse Pressure (PP); a CVD risk factor is associated with BMD. Methods: Data from two consecutive cycles of National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. Point estimates of demographic variables were calculated using descriptive methods. Study participants were divided into 4 groups based on quartile distribution of PP. Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to assess the relationship between BMD and PP. Results: A total of 8,179 NHANES participants were included in the study (Tables 1 – 3 ). The cohort’s mean age (± SE) was 53.3 years 0.19, mean BMI (± SE) 29.6 kg/m 2 ± 0.07. PP was significantly higher with increased age, among Blacks (57.4 ± 0.52) and Hispanics (57.5 ± 0.19) compared to whites (53.9 ± 0.29), and for men (57.2 ± 0.16) when compared to women (54.1 ± 0.17), p<0.05. After adjusting for age, sex, race, menopause, body mass index, family history of osteoporosis, PP was associated with femoral neck BMD, β=−0.0005, p<0.05 but was not significantly associated with lumbar spine BMD, β=−0.0002, p=0.07. Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that wide PP is associated with low BMD. This negative association was demonstrated at the femoral neck where bone loss and osteoporotic fractures occur at a more advanced stage, further supporting the relationship between atherosclerosis and osteoporosis risk. These findings have the potential for identifying high osteoporotic risk patients among those with wide pulse pressure, providing further indications for bone mineral density testing among these elderly frail patients. Further research is needed to investigate the mechanisms behind the relationship between PP and BMD.