Open AccessThe New Epidemiology of HIV-Related Kidney Disease
Author(s) -
Sandeep K. Mallipattu,
Christina M. Wyatt,
John Cijiang He
Publication year - 2012
Publication title -
journal of aids and clinical research
Language(s) - English
Resource type - Journals
ISSN - 2155-6113
DOI - 10.4172/2155-6113.s4-001
Subject(s) - medicine , kidney disease , epidemiology , population , disease , nephropathy , diabetes mellitus , incidence (geometry) , immunology , environmental health , endocrinology , physics , optics
HIV-related kidney disease has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the HIV population. It is clear that the epidemiology of HIV-related kidney disease has changed dramatically since the first case reports in 1984. During these early years, the predominant etiology of kidney disease in HIV was recognized as HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), an aggressive form of kidney disease with a high rate of progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Subsequently, with the widespread use of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), there was a dramatic decrease in the incidence of ESRD attributed to HIV/AIDS. Although the incidence of HIV-related ESRD has plateaued in the last 15 years, the prevalence has continued to increase because of improved survival. Available prevalence estimates do not include HIV-infected individuals with comorbid ESRD, although there is growing evidence that the epidemiology of kidney disease in the HIV-infected population has changed. This article reviews the impact of risk factors such as race, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hepatitis C virus coinfection, and the chronic use of cART on the changing epidemiology of HIV-related kidney disease. Additionally in this review, we propose potential areas of translational research that will help to further characterize HIV-related kidney disease in the 21 st century.