Uncovering Human Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-Like Activation in Necroptosis

MLKL and its obligate upstream receptor interacting protein kinase 3 are essential components of necroptosis. It is well established that MLKL is the executioner of plasma membrane rupture in necroptosis. In healthy cells MLKL is dormant. Several dormant configurations have emerged from high-resolution structural studies revealing distinct mechanisms of MLKL autoinhibition in mammals. MLKL is activated through the concerted actions of receptor interacting protein kinase 3, which phosphorylates MLKL, and, in the case of the human pathway, inositol phosphate (IP) metabolites synthesized by the IP kinases of the IP metabolic pathway. Here, we highlight recent progress toward understanding the mechanisms of regulation of human MLKL, and survey the latest opportunities for targeting MLKL in pathophysiology.