Nutrition, gut microbiota and immunity: Therapeutic targets for IBD

5 deals with obesity and related traits touching upon the genetic architecture of obesity traits such as WHR, BMI and also stressing the need for in vitro experiments and experiments on model organisms to elucidate the biological mechanism of obesity. The book moves on to the next section on gene discovery efforts for monogenic disorders of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. While T2D is affected by a combination of genes and environment, monogenic forms of T2D are more genetically enriched. The advent of NGS has helped in the diagnosis of monogenic diabetes and also in the discovery of novel aetiologies. This chapter describes the application of targeted NGS for clinical diagnostic testing or screening of known genes and exome analysis for novel gene discovery. The strategy for discovery and diagnosis of gene variants in neonatal diabetes and MODY (maturity onset diabetes of the young), has been detailed. The importance of genetic testing and treatment changes due to mutations in genes with high translational potential is also emphasized. In the next section on 'Omics' of T2D and related traits, the new field of epigenetic modifications in T2D is reviewed well. Studies from islet transcriptome and the insight gained in β-cell biology and T2D pathogenesis are also explained. How transcriptome analysis serves as a tool for disease biology understanding is well accounted for. This is followed by genomics of adipose tissue and advancement in understanding of its role in obesity and its traits. In the next section translational aspects of genetic association signals is dealt with. The importance of continuing genetic, epigenetic and transcript data to understand the importance of gene variants discovered by GWAS has been discussed. A good account on the future directions of functional translation which will deliver to clinical medicine is also available. The book, next discuss the advancements in the study of mouse models for understanding molecular mechanisms of diabetes and obesity. The FTO gene has been identified as one of the obesity associated genes. The last section of the book deals with clinical translation. The challenges of defining drug response in diabetes have been discussed along with the potential and future of this area of research. Whether it is possible to get the right drug at the right dose for the right person is a million dollar question. But the potential of genomic research is taking us closer to that objective. The last chapter gives an …