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This paper reviews the experience gained in three South African national parks (Kruger, Table  Mountain and Bontebok) with regard to the adaptive management of fire for the conservation  of biodiversity. In the Kruger National Park, adaptive approaches have evolved over the past  15 years, beginning initially as a form of ‘informed trial and error’, but progressing towards  active adaptive management in which landscape-scale, experimental burning treatments  are being applied in order to learn. In the process, significant advances in understanding  regarding the role and management of fire have been made. Attempts have been made to  transfer the approaches developed in Kruger National Park to the other two national parks.  However, little progress has been made to date, both because of a failure to provide an agreed  context for the introduction of adaptive approaches, and because (in the case of Bontebok  National Park) too little time has passed to be able to make an assessment. Fire management  interventions, ultimately, will manifest themselves in terms of biodiversity outcomes, but  definite links between fire interventions and biodiversity outcomes have yet to be made.<p><strong>Conservation implications:</strong> Significant challenges face the managers of fire-prone and fire  adapted ecosystems, where the attainment of ecosystem goals may require approaches (like  encouraging high-intensity fires at hot and dry times of the year) that threaten societal goals  related to safety. In addition, approaches to fire management have focused on encouraging  particular fire patterns in the absence of a sound understanding of their ecological outcomes.  Adaptive management offers a framework for addressing these issues, but will require higher  levels of agreement, monitoring and assessment than have been the case to date.</p

Towards adaptive fire management for biodiversity conservation: Experience in South African National Parks