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In  Yersinia pestis ,  Y. pseudotuberculosis , and  Y. enterocolitica , phenotypic expression of virulence plasmid (pYV: 70-kb)-associated genetic determinants may include low-calcium response (Lcr, pinpoint colony, size = 0.36 mm), colony morphology (size = 1.13 mm), crystal violet (CV) binding (dark-violet colony), Congo Red (CR) uptake (red pinpoint colony, size = 0.36 mm), autoagglutination (AA = cells agglutinate), and hydrophobicity (HP = clumping of cells).  Y. pseudotuberculosis  is chromosomally closely related to  Y. pestis;  whereas,  Y. enterocolitica  is chromosomally more distantly related to  Y. pestis  and  Y. pseudotuberculosis . All three species demonstrate Lcr, CV binding, and CR uptake. The colony morphology/size, AA, and HP characteristics are expressed in both  Y. pseudotuberculosis  and  Y. enterocolitica  but not in  Y. pestis . Congo red uptake in  Y. pestis  was demonstrated only on calcium-deficient CR magnesium oxalate tryptic soy agar (CR-MOX), whereas this phenotype was expressed on both CR-MOX and low-calcium agarose media in  Y. pseudotuberculosis  and  Y. enterocolitica . These phenotypes were detectable at 37°C within 24 h in  Y. enterocolitica  and  Y. pseudotuberculosis  but did not appear until 48 h in  Y. pestis  due to its slower growth rate at 37°C. The pYV is unstable (i.e., easily lost under a variety of culture conditions) in all three species but is more unstable in  Y. pestis . The specific CR uptake by  Y. pestis  in CR-MOX and the delayed time interval to express Lcr and CR uptake provide a means to differentiate  Y. pestis  from  Y. enterocolitica  and  Y. pseudotuberculosis . These differences in pYV expression in  Y. pestis  can be used for its isolation and detection in food.

journal of pathogens

Virulence Plasmid (pYV)-Associated Expression of Phenotypic Virulent Determinants in Pathogenic<i>Yersinia</i>Species: A Convenient Method for Monitoring the Presence of pYV under Culture Conditions and Its Application for Isolation/Detection of<i>Yersinia pestis</i>in Food

Virulence Plasmid (pYV)-Associated Expression of Phenotypic Virulent Determinants in PathogenicYersiniaSpecies: A Convenient Method for Monitoring the Presence of pYV under Culture Conditions and Its Application for Isolation/Detection ofYersinia pestisin Food