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In the housefly  Musca domestica , synthesis of yolk proteins (YPs) depends on the level of circulating ecdysteroid hormones. In female houseflies, the ecdysterone concentration in the hemolymph oscillates and, at high levels, is followed by expression of YP. In male houseflies, the ecdysterone titre is constantly low and no YP is produced. In some strains, which are mutant in key components of the sex-determining pathway, males express YP even though their ecdysterone titre is not significantly elevated. However, we find that these males express a substantial amount of the female variant of the  Musca doublesex  homologue,  Md-dsx . The  dsx  gene is known to sex-specifically control transcription of  yp  genes in the fat body of  Drosophila melanogaster . Our data suggest that  Md-dsx  also contributes to the regulation of YP expression in the housefly by modulating the responsiveness of YP-producing cells to hormonal stimuli.

Hormones and Sex-Specific Transcription Factors Jointly Control Yolk Protein Synthesis inMusca domestica