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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a subpopulation of lymphocytes that play a role in suppressing and regulating immune responses. Recently, it was suggested that controlling the functions and activities of Tregs might be applicable to the treatment of human diseases such as autoimmune diseases, organ transplant rejection, and graft-versus-host disease. TNF receptor type 2 (TNFR2) is a target molecule that modulates Treg functions. In this study, we investigated the role of TNFR2 signaling in the differentiation and activation of mouse Tregs. We previously reported the generation of a TNFR2-selective agonist TNF mutant, termed R2agoTNF, by using our unique cytokine modification method based on phage display. R2agoTNF activates cell signaling via mouse TNFR2. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of R2agoTNF for the proliferation and activation of Tregs in mice. R2agoTNF expanded and activated mouse CD4 + CD25 + Tregs ex vivo. The structural optimization of R2agoTNF by internal cross-linking or IgG-Fc fusion selectively and effectively enhanced Treg expansion in vivo. Furthermore, the IgG-Fc fusion protein suppressed skin-contact hypersensitivity reactions in mice. TNFR2 agonists are expected to be new Treg expanders.

Characterization of a TNFR2-Selective Agonistic TNF-α Mutant and Its Derivatives as an Optimal Regulatory T Cell Expander