Porphyromonas gingivalis Promotes Immunoevasion of Oral Cancer by Protecting Cancer from Macrophage Attack

The relationship of Porphyromonas gingivalis and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has been studied for several years. Previous studies have focused on the direct effect of P. gingivalis on the activities of primary epithelial cells and OSCC cells. However, the immune system is responsible for mediating cancer development, whether P. gingivalis can affect oral cancer immunity has seldom been explored to date. In this study, we investigated the role of P. gingivalis in the immunoevasion of OSCC. We evaluated the effect of P. gingivalis on the phagocytosis of Cal-27 cells (OSCC cell line) by bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro and studied the effect of P. gingivalis on the growth of OSCC and the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in vivo. We found tha P. gingivalis was able to inhibit the phagocytosis of Cal-27 cells by macrophages, and membrane-component molecules of P. gingivalis , such as proteins, were speculated to be the effector components. In addition, sustained infection with antibiotics-inactivated P. gingivalis promoted OSCC growth in mice and induced the polarization of macrophages into M2 tumor-associated macrophages, which mainly display protumor properties. Transcriptome analysis and quantitative RT-PCR revealed tha P. gingivalis infection upregulated the expression of genes encoding protumor molecules in Cal-27 cells ( suprabasin , IL-1R2 , and CD47 ) and in macrophages ( IL-1α , CCL-3 , and CCL-5 ). Our in vitro and in vivo data suggest tha P. gingivalis can promote immunoevasion of oral cancer by protecting cancer from macrophage attack. To our knowledge, the present study reveals a novel mechanism by which P. gingivalis promotes OSCC development.