EBV Latency III–Transformed B Cells Are Inducers of Conventional and Unconventional Regulatory T Cells in a PD-L1–Dependent Manner

EBV infects and immortalizes B cells in vitro and in vivo. It is the causative agent of most immune deficiency-related lymphoproliferative disorders and is associated with various lymphomas. EBV latency III-transformed B cells are known to express two immunosuppressive molecules, IL-10 and PD-L1, two characteristics of regulatory B cells (Bregs). In this study, we show that, in addition to secretion of the Breg immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β1, EBV latency III-transformed B cells were able to repress proliferation of their autologous T cells preactivated by CD2, CD3, and CD28. This inhibitory effect was likely caused by CD4 + T cells because EBV latency III-transformed B cells induced a strong proliferation of isolated autologous CD8 T cells. Indeed, EBV was able to promote expansion of autologous FOXP3 + CD39 high CTLA4 + , Helios + , GITR + , LAG3 + CD4 T cells (i.e., regulatory T cells [Tregs]). Two types of Tregs were induced: unconventional CD25 neg and conventional CD25 pos Tregs. These Tregs expressed both the latency-associated peptide (LAP) and the PD-1 receptor, two markers of functional Tregs. Expansion of both Treg subtypes depended on PD-L1, whose expression was under the control of LMP1, the main EBV oncogene. These results demonstrate that, like Bregs, EBV latency III-transformed B cells exhibit strong immunoregulatory properties. These data provide clues to the understanding of how after EBV primo-infection, EBV-proliferating B cells can survive in an aggressive immunological environment and later emerge to give rise to EBV-associated B cell lymphomas such as in elderly patients.