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Activation of the noncanonical pathway through the interaction of lymphotoxin (LT)-alpha(1)beta(2) and LT-betaR is essential for the development of secondary lymphoid organs including lymph nodes (LN) and Peyer's patches (PP). Although TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 2 and TRAF5 were identified as signal transducers for the LT-betaR, roles for TRAF2 and TRAF5 in the development of secondary lymphoid organs remain obscure. In this study, we show that PP but not mesenteric LN development is severely impaired in traf2(-/-) and traf2(-/-)traf5(-/-) mice. Development of VCAM-1(+) and ICAM-1(+) mesenchymal cells and expression of CXCL13, a crucial chemokine for the development of PP, are severely impaired in PP anlagen in the intestines of traf2(-/-) mice. Surprisingly, TNF-alpha stimulation potently up-regulates cxcl13 mRNA expression in wild-type murine embryonic fibroblasts, which is impaired in traf2(-/-) and relA(-/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts. Moreover, RelA is recruited to the promoter of cxcl13 gene upon TNF-alpha stimulation and PP development is impaired in TNFR type 1 (tnfr1)(-/-) mice. These results underscore a crucial role for the TNFR1-TRAF2-RelA-dependent canonical pathway in the development of PP through up-regulation of cxcl13 mRNA.

TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2-Dependent Canonical Pathway Is Crucial for the Development of Peyer’s Patches