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The detection of microbial molecules via Toll-like receptors (TLR) in B cells is not well characterized. In this study, we found that both naive and memory B cells lack TLR4 (receptor for LPS) but express TLR9 (receptor for CpG motifs) and produce IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10 upon stimulation with CpG oligonucleotides (ODN), synthetic mimics of microbial DNA. Consistent with the lack of TLR4, purified B cells failed to respond to LPS. Similar to CpG ODN, CD40 ligand (CD40L) alone induced IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. Production of these cytokines as well as IgM synthesis was synergistically increased when both CpG ODN and CD40L were combined. Unlike IL-6, TNF-alpha, and IL-10, the Th1 cytokine IL-12p70 was detected only when both CpG ODN and CD40L were present, and its induction was independent of B cell receptor cross-linking. CpG ODN did not increase the capacity of CD40L-activated B cells to induce proliferation of naive T cells. However, B cells activated with CpG ODN and CD40L strongly enhanced IFN-gamma production in developing CD4 T cells via IL-12. Together, these results demonstrate that IL-12p70 production in human B cells is under the dual control of microbial stimulation and T cell help. Our findings provide a molecular basis for the potent adjuvant activity of CpG ODN to support humoral immune responses observed in vivo, and for the limited value of LPS.

IL-12p70-Dependent Th1 Induction by Human B Cells Requires Combined Activation with CD40 Ligand and CpG DNA