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The initial step in an immune response toward a viral infection is the induction of inflammatory cytokines. This innate immune response is mediated by expression of a variety of cytokines exemplified by TNF-alpha and IL-1beta. A key signal for the recognition of intracellular viral infections is the presence of dsRNA. Viral infections and dsRNA treatment can activate several signaling pathways including the protein kinase R pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and NF-kappaB, which are important in the expression of inflammatory cytokines. We previously reported that activation of protein kinase R was required for dsRNA induction of TNF-alpha, but not for IL-1beta. In this study, we report that activation of the p38 MAPK pathway by respiratory viral infections is necessary for induction of inflammatory cytokines in human bronchial epithelial cells. Inhibition of p38 MAPK by two different pharmacological inhibitors showed that expression of both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta required activation of this signaling pathway. Interestingly, inhibition of NF-kappaB did not significantly reduce viral induction of either cytokine. Our data show that, during the initial infections of epithelial cells with respiratory viruses, activation of the p38 MAPK pathway is associated with induction of inflammation, and NF-kappaB activation may be less important than previously suggested.

the journal of immunology/the journal of immunology

Viral Induction of Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Epithelial Cells Follows a p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-Dependent but NF-κB-Independent Pathway