Regulated Polarization of Tumor-Associated Macrophages by miR-145 via Colorectal Cancer–Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Macrophages are polarized into functional classically activated and alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes depending on their microenvironment, and these cells play an important role in the immune system. M2-like polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is activated by various secretions from cancer cells; however, the interaction between cancer cells and TAMs is not well understood. Recent studies showed that cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) contribute to tumor development and modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In the current study, we investigated colorectal cancer-derived EVs containing miR-145 with respect to the polarization of TAMs. Colorectal cancer cells positively secreted miR-145 via EVs, which were taken up by macrophage-like cells. Interestingly, colorectal cancer-derived EVs polarized macrophage-like cells into the M2-like phenotype through the downregulation of histone deacetylase 11 An in vivo study showed that EV-treated macrophages caused significant enlargement of the tumor volumes. These findings suggest that colorectal cancer cells use miR-145 within EVs to efficiently modulate M2-like macrophage polarization and tumor progression.