Streptococcus pneumoniaeEvades Complement Attack and Opsonophagocytosis by Expressing thepspCLocus-Encoded Hic Protein That Binds to Short Consensus Repeats 8–11 of Factor H

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, meningitis, peritonitis, bacterial arthritis, and sepsis. Here we have studied a novel immune evasion mechanism of serotype 3 pneumococci, which are particularly resistant to phagocytosis. On their surfaces the bacteria express the factor H-binding inhibitor of complement (Hic), a protein of the pneumococcal surface protein C family. Using radioligand binding, microtiter plate assays, surface plasmon resonance analysis, and recombinant constructs of factor H, we located the binding site of Hic to short consensus repeats (SCRs) 8-11 in the middle part of factor H. This represents a novel microbial interaction region on factor H. The only other ligand known so far for SCRs 8-11 of factor H is C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase protein that binds to the pneumococcal C-polysaccharide. The binding sites of Hic and CRP within the SCR8-11 region were different, however, because CRP did not inhibit the binding of Hic and required calcium for binding. Binding of factor H to Hic-expressing pneumococci promoted factor I-mediated cleavage of C3b and restricted phagocytosis of pneumococci. Thus, virulent pneumococci avoid complement attack and opsonophagocytosis by recruiting functionally active factor H with the Hic surface protein. Hic binds to a previously unrecognized microbial interaction site in the middle part of factor H.