English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

The delta opioid receptors (DORs) modulate T cell proliferation, IL-2 production, chemotaxis, and intracellular signaling. Moreover, in DOR-transfected Jurkat cells, delta opioids have been shown to suppress HIV-1 p24 Ag expression. These observations led us to characterize the expression of DORs by human peripheral blood T cells and to determine whether a specific DOR agonist, benzamide,4-([2,5-dimethyl-4-(2-propenyl)-1-piperazinyl](3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-N,-,(2S[1(S*),2alpha,5beta])-(9Cl) (SNC-80), can suppress p24 Ag expression by HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells obtained from normal donors. By immunofluorescence flow cytometry, PHA stimulated the expression of DOR from 1.94 +/- 0.70 (mean +/- SEM) to 20.70 +/- 1.88% of the PBMC population by 48 h (p &lt; 0.0001). DOR expression was approximately 40% of both the PHA-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, and virtually all DORs were found on these subsets. To determine whether activated DORs suppress HIV-1 expression, PBMC were prestimulated with PHA, and then CD4+ T cells were purified, pretreated with SNC-80, and infected with HIV-1. In a concentration-dependent manner, SNC-80 inhibited production of p24 Ag. SNC-80 10(-10) M maximally suppressed (approximately 50%) both lymphocytotropic (HIV-1 MN) and monocytotropic (SF162) strains; higher concentrations were less effective. Naltrindole, a selective DOR antagonist, abolished the inhibitory effects of SNC-80. Kinetic studies indicated that 24-h pre- or postincubation with SNC-80, relative to infection with HIV-1, eliminated its suppressive effects. Thus, stimulating the DORs expressed by activated CD4+ T cells significantly suppressed the expression of HIV-1. These findings suggest that opioid immunomodulation directed at host T cells may be adjunctive to standard antiviral approaches to HIV-1 infection.

Immunofluorescence Detection of δ Opioid Receptors (DOR) on Human Peripheral Blood CD4+ T Cells and DOR-Dependent Suppression of HIV-1 Expression