English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

To investigate the immunological features of human T lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) infection and specific mechanisms whereby HTLV-II might influence the progression of HIV-1 disease in coinfected individuals, we have analyzed the production of the C-C chemokines RANTES and macrophage inflammatory proteins 1alpha and 1alpha (MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta) by PBMCs from HTLV-II-infected and HTLV-II/HIV-1-coinfected individuals. We observed spontaneous production of significant levels of MIP-1alpha and -1beta and, to a lesser extent, RANTES, from individuals infected with HTLV-II alone or with concomitant HIV-1 infection. Spontaneous C-C chemokine production was not observed in PBMCs from uninfected or HIV-1-infected individuals. Although HTLV-II is known to preferentially infect CD8+ lymphocytes in vivo, we observed that whereas RANTES was produced exclusively by the CD8+-enriched fraction, MIP-1alpha and -1beta were produced by both the CD8+-enriched and CD8+-depleted fractions of HTLV-II-infected PBMCs. RT-PCR demonstrated active expression of the HTLV-II regulatory protein Tax in the infected CD8+ T lymphocyte population, and it was further shown that Tax transactivates the promoters of MIP-1beta and RANTES. Therefore, it appears that HTLV-II stimulates the production of C-C chemokines both directly at a transcriptional level via the viral transactivator Tax and also indirectly. Although the HTLV-II-infected individuals in this study are all virtually asymptomatic, they certainly display an abnormal immune phenotype. Moreover, our findings suggest that HTLV-II, via chemokine production, would be expected to alter the progression of HIV-1 infection in coinfected individuals.

the journal of immunology/the journal of immunology

Spontaneous Production of C-C Chemokines by Individuals Infected with Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type II (HTLV-II) Alone and HTLV-II/HIV-1 Coinfected Individuals