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This paper discusses the revolt of Bishop Bernardino de Cardenas in Asuncion in 1649. Paraguayan historiography treats this event as Revolucion Comunera and presents it as a precursor of the emancipatory movements of Paraguay. The debate about the episode focuses on two positions, which highlight the figure of Cardenas as heroic leader and popular prominence during the revolt. We propose, in view of this context, to understand the economic and social panorama of the province of Paraguay in the mid-seventeenth century. Thus, we notice that the uprising of 1649 was not motivated by economic questions about access to Indian labor through encomiendas , but by a perception of poverty by the vecinos of Asuncion that was gestated as an anti-Jesuitical sentiment. Based on this sentiment, which Bishop Cardenas knew how to catalyze, the revolt broke out and had as its central point the expulsion of the priests of the Company of Jesus from Paraguay in the same year. Keywords: Revolucion Comunera, Bernardino de Cardenas, anti-Jesuitism, Paraguay.

“Levantamiento bajo Cárdenas”: novas abordagens em torno do conflito antijesuítico no cabildo de Assunção em 1649