Impacts of insect consumption on human health

Edible insects represent an understudied food resource that may promote human health. They characteristically contain ample protein, healthy fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins, and have been touted for their environmental benefits given their efficient resource use. While numerous in vitro, animal, and nutrient quantification studies have elucidated a framework of potential health impacts of entomophagy, few have measured direct health outcomes. This review investigates and summarises existing evidence on health impacts derived exclusively from human interventions. A systematic literature search was conducted in three databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed. Out of 1,691 initial results, only nine studies met the inclusion criteria. In these limited studies, insects were shown to have potential to: (1) promote growth and influence iron status when added to complementary foods; (2) modulate gut microbiota with some prebiotic effects; and (3) provide amino acids similar to soya protein. One study also provided isolated evidence that an insect-herb mixture could possibly reduce symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease when added to routine treatment. Importantly, results reveal a significant lack of human subjects research directly measuring health outcomes from insect consumption. Findings from the included studies indicate that insects are generally safe and offer both beneficial and neutral outcomes compared to other foods. These discoveries, in tandem with extensive evidence from non-human studies, support claims that insect consumption could further enhance health by addressing micronutrient deficiencies or promoting gut health. There are also other plausible health promoting properties of insects that could help ameliorate complications with hypertension and other non-communicable disease. More rigorous and better controlled human intervention trials are fundamental to confirm health benefits and better assess risks associated with entomophagy, while also addressing unanswered questions regarding nutrient bioavailability, the fate of dietary chitin, and in vivo activity of bioactive peptides.