Copper-free Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by an efficient dimeric C,N-palladacycle in DMF/H$_{2}$O

Very small concentrations of a dimeric C,N-palladacycle were used as an efficient homogeneous catalyst for Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions between various aryl halides and phenylacetylene. The catalytic reactions were performed without the need for copper in DMF/H$_{2}$O. This catalytic system shows excellent yields for aryl iodides and bromides and even in the case of aryl chlorides. \vs{1mm}